Saturday 7 July 2012

Item 29: Consider typesafe heterogeneous containers


The most common use of generics is for collections, such as Set and Map, and single- element containers, such as ThreadLocal and AtomicReference. In all of these uses, it is the container that is parameterized. This limits you to a fixed number of type parameters per container.

Sometimes, however, you need more flexibility. For example, a database row can have arbitrarily many columns, and it would be nice to be able to access all of them in a typesafe manner. Luckily, there is an easy way to achieve this effect. The idea is to parameterize the key instead of the container. Then present the parameterized key to the container to insert or retrieve a value. The generic type system is used to guarantee that the type of the value agrees with its key.

As a simple example of this approach, consider a Favorites class that allows its clients to store  and retrieve a “favorite” instance of arbitrarily many other classes. The Class object will play the part of the parameterized key. The reason this works is that class Class was generified in release 1.5. The type of a class literal is no longer simply Class, but Class<T>. For example, String.class is of type Class<String>, and Integer.class is of type Class<Integer>. When a class literal is passed among methods to communicate both compile-time and runtime type information, it is called a type token.

The API for the Favorites class is simple. It looks just like a simple map, except that the key is parameterized instead of the map. The client presents a Class object when setting and getting favorites. Here is the API:

// Typesafe heterogeneous container pattern - API
public class Favorites {
public <T> void putFavorite(Class<T> type, T instance);
public <T> T getFavorite(Class<T> type);
}

Here is a sample program that exercises the Favorites class, storing, retrieving, and printing a favorite String, Integer, and Class instance:

// Typesafe heterogeneous container pattern - client
public static void main(String[] args) {
Favorites f = new Favorites();
f.putFavorite(String.class, "Java");
f.putFavorite(Integer.class, 0xcafebabe);
f.putFavorite(Class.class, Favorites.class);
String favoriteString = f.getFavorite(String.class);
int favoriteInteger = f.getFavorite(Integer.class);
Class<?> favoriteClass = f.getFavorite(Class.class);
System.out.printf("%s %x %s%n", favoriteString,
favoriteInteger, favoriteClass.getName());
}

As you might expect, this program prints Java cafebabe Favorites. A Favorites instance is typesafe: it will never return an Integer when you ask it for a String. It is also heterogeneous: unlike an  ordinary map, all the keys are of different types. Therefore, we call Favorites a typesafe heterogeneous container.

The implementation of Favorites is surprisingly tiny. Here it is, in its entirety:

// Typesafe heterogeneous container pattern - implementation
public class Favorites {
private Map<Class<?>, Object> favorites =
new HashMap<Class<?>, Object>();
public <T> void putFavorite(Class<T> type, T instance) {
if (type == null)
throw new NullPointerException("Type is null");
favorites.put(type, instance);
}
public <T> T getFavorite(Class<T> type) {
return type.cast(favorites.get(type));
}
}

There are a few subtle things going on here. Each Favorites instance is backed by a private Map<Class<?>, Object> called favorites. You might think that you couldn’t put anything into this Map because of the unbounded wildcard type, but the truth is quite the opposite. The thing to notice is that the wildcard type is nested: it’s not the type of the Map that’s a wildcard type but the type of its key. This means that every key can have a different parameterized type: one can be Class<String>, the next Class<Integer>, and so on. That’s where the heterogeneity comes from.

The next thing to notice is that the value type of the favorites Map is simply Object. In other words, the Map does not guarantee the type relationship between keys and values, which is that every value is of the type represented by its key. In fact, Java’s type system is not powerful enough to express this. But we know that it’s true, and we take advantage of it when it comes time to retrieve a favorite.

So what does the cast method do for us, given that it simply returns its argument? The signature of the cast method takes full advantage of the fact that class Class has been generified. Its return type is the type parameter of the Class object:

public class Class<T> {
T cast(Object obj);
}

There are two limitations to the Favorites class that are worth noting. First, a malicious client could easily corrupt the type safety of a Favorites instance, simply by using a Class object in its raw form. But the resulting client code would generate an unchecked warning when it was compiled. This is no different from the normal collection implementations such as HashSet and HashMap. You can easily put a String into a HashSet<Integer> by using the raw type HashSet
(Item 23).You can have runtime type safety if you’re willing to pay for it. The way to ensure that Favorites never violates its type invariant is to have the putFavorite method check that instance is indeed an instance of the type represented by type. And we already know how to do this. Just use a dynamic cast:

// Achieving runtime type safety with a dynamic cast
public <T> void putFavorite(Class<T> type, T instance) {
favorites.put(type, type.cast(instance));
}

There are collection wrappers in java.util.Collections that play the same trick. They are called checkedSet, checkedList, checkedMap, and so forth. Their static factories take a Class object (or two) in addition to a collection (or map).

The second limitation of the Favorites class is that it cannot be used on a non-reifiable type (Item 25). In other words, you can store your favorite String or String[], but not your favorite List<String>. If you try to store your favorite List<String>, your program won’t compile. The reason is that you can’t get a Class object for List<String>: List<String>.class is a syntax error, and it’s a good thing, too. List<String> and List<Integer> share a single Class object, which is List.class. It would wreak havoc with the internals of a Favorites object if the “type literals” List<String>.class and List<Integer>.class were legal and returned the same object reference.

There is no entirely satisfactory workaround for the second limitation. There is a technique called super type tokens that goes a long way toward addressing the limitation, but this technique has limitations of its own [Gafter07].

The annotations API (Item 35) makes extensive use of bounded type tokens. For example, here is the method to read an annotation at runtime. This method comes from the AnnotatedElement interface, which is implemented by the reflective types that represent classes, methods, fields, and other program elements:

public <T extends Annotation>
T getAnnotation(Class<T> annotationType);

The argument annotationType is a bounded type token representing an annotation type. The method returns the element’s annotation of that type, if it has one, or null, if it doesn’t. In essence, an annotated element is a typesafe heterogeneous container whose keys are annotation types.

Suppose you have an object of type Class<?> and you want to pass it to a method that requires a bounded type token, such as getAnnotation. You could cast the object to Class<? extends Annotation>, but this cast is unchecked, so it would generate a compile-time warning (Item 24). Luckily, class Class provides an instance method that performs this sort of cast safely (and dynamically). The
method is called asSubclass, and it casts the Class object on which it’s called to represent a subclass of the class represented by its argument. If the cast succeeds, the method returns its argument; if it fails, it throws a ClassCastException.

Here’s how you use the asSubclass method to read an annotation whose type is unknown at compile time. This method compiles without error or warning:

// Use of asSubclass to safely cast to a bounded type token
static Annotation getAnnotation(AnnotatedElement element,
String annotationTypeName) {
Class<?> annotationType = null; // Unbounded type token
try {
annotationType = Class.forName(annotationTypeName);
} catch (Exception ex) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(ex);
}
return element.getAnnotation(
annotationType.asSubclass(Annotation.class));
}

In summary, the normal use of generics, exemplified by the collections APIs, restricts you to a fixed number of type parameters per container. You can get around this restriction by placing the type parameter on the key rather than the container. You can use Class objects as keys for such typesafe heterogeneous containers. A Class object used in this fashion is called a type token. You can also use a custom key type. For example, you could have a DatabaseRow type representing a database row (the container), and a generic type Column<T> as its key.


Reference: Effective Java 2nd Edition by Joshua Bloch